When unused flexible spending account (FSA) balances are forfeited back to employers under the “use-it-or-lose-it” rule, employers have several options for what they can do with the FSA carryover money. Here is what employers need to know about FSAs and flexible spending account rollover rules after first covering some necessary background information.
Under an employer-sponsored flexible spending account (FSA) plan, employees can elect to contribute a designated amount of their annual salary to their personal healthcare FSA, dependent-care FSA, or both.
For a healthcare FSA, the maximum amount that an employee can contribute for the 2018 tax year is $2,650 (up from $2,600 in 2017).
For a dependent-care FSA, the maximum amount that can be contributed is $5,000 (latest figure available). For a married employee, the $5,000 cap represents the maximum amount that both spouses can together contribute.
Employee annual FSA contribution amounts are withheld in installments from their paychecks. Employees can then use their FSA money (including FSA carryover money from the previous year) to cover qualifying out-of-pocket medical expenses (such as amounts paid to satisfy health insurance deductibles and copays and amounts paid for prescription drugs, dental care, and vision care) and qualifying out-of-pocket dependent-care expenses. The amounts withheld from employee paychecks are treated as a salary reduction for federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax purposes (and usually for state income tax purposes too). Reimbursements from FSAs to cover qualified out-of-pocket expenses are tax-free to employees.
To put it another way, the FSA arrangement allows participating employees to pay for all or a portion of their out-of-pocket medical expenses and dependent care expenses with pretax dollars. That is the same as getting an income tax deduction combined with a reduction in Social Security and Medicare tax withholding. The employee’s tax savings are permanent—not just a timing difference.
For employees, the main downside to an FSA is the use-it-or-lose-it rule. If the employee fails to incur enough qualified expenses to drain his or her FSA each year, any leftover balance generally reverts back to the employer, so there generally is no flexible spending account rollover. However, there are two exceptions to the use-it-or-lose-it rule.
The IRS gives employers the following options for unused employee FSA balances that are forfeited under the use-it-or-lose-it rule. The source for this is Treasury Proposed Regulation 1.125-5(o).
Example: Alpha Corporation maintains a cafeteria benefit plan for its 1,200 employees. The plan includes a healthcare FSA under which participating employees can make salary reduction contributions in $100 increments, from a minimum contribution of $500 to a maximum contribution of $2,650. For the 2018 plan year, 1,000 employees elected various contribution levels under the healthcare FSA plan. For the 2018 plan year, Alpha collected $5,000 of healthcare flexible spending account rollover balances that are forfeited under the use-it-or-lose-it rule.
Alpha can choose to simply keep the $5,000.
Alternatively, Alpha could take one of the following steps or a combination of them. Here are some additional details under the alternative option:
Our staff of experienced CPAs and tax professionals will help you to understand flexible spending account rules, including the FSA carryover and use-it-or-lose-it rule, as they relate to your business. Our CPA firm, based in Austin, Texas, can guide you through our services and ensure your healthcare business is well-equipped for tax preparation. Contact us today to get started.
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