Maxwell Locke & Ritter has outlined a few 2023 year-end tax planning ideas for investors and individuals with estate and gift planning needs.
Frequently, investors “time” sales of assets like securities at year-end to produce optimal tax results. It is important to understand the basic tax rules.
For starters, capital gains and losses offset each other. If you show an excess loss for the year, it offsets up to $3,000 of ordinary income before being carried over to the next year. Long-term capital gains from sales of securities owned longer than one year are taxed at a maximum rate of 15% or 20% for certain high-income investors. Conversely, short-term capital gains are taxed at ordinary income rates reaching as high as 37% in 2023.
YEAR-END MOVE: Review your portfolio. Depending on your situation, you may want to harvest capital losses to offset gains, especially high-taxed short-term gains, or realize capital gains that will be partially or wholly absorbed by losses.
Be aware of even more favorable tax treatment for certain long-term capital gains. Notably, a 0% rate applies to taxpayers below certain income levels ($44,625 for singles and $89,250 for joint filers in 2023). Furthermore, some taxpayers who ultimately pay ordinary income tax at higher rates due to their investments may qualify for the 0% tax rate on a portion of their long-term capital gains.
However, watch out for the “wash sale rule.” If you sell securities at a loss and reacquire substantially identical securities within 30 days of the sale, the tax loss is disallowed. A simple way to avoid this adverse result is to wait at least 31 days to reacquire substantially identical securities.
Note: A disallowed loss increases your basis for the securities you acquire and could reduce taxable gain on a future sale.
Tip: The preferential tax rates for long-term capital gains also apply to qualified dividends received in 2023. These are most dividends paid by U.S. companies or qualified foreign companies.
When you review your portfolio (see above), do not forget to account for the 3.8% “net investment income tax” (NIIT). The NIIT applies to the lesser of “net investment income” (NII) or the amount by which MAGI for the year exceeds $200,000 for single filers or $250,000 for joint filers. (These thresholds are not indexed for inflation.) The definition of NII includes interest, dividends, capital gains and income from passive activities, but not Social Security benefits, tax-exempt interest and distributions from qualified retirement plans and IRAs.
YEAR-END MOVE: Have an estimate made of your potential liability for 2023. Depending on the results, you may be able to reduce the tax on NII or avoid it altogether.
For example, you may invest in municipal bonds (“munis”). The interest income generated by munis does not count as NII, nor is it included in the MAGI calculation. Similarly, if you turn a passive activity into an active business, the resulting income may be exempt from the NII tax.
Tip: When you add the NII tax to your regular tax, you could be paying an effective 40.8% tax rate at the federal level alone. Factor this into your investment decisions.
For starters, you must begin “required minimum distributions” (RMDs) from qualified retirement plans and IRAs after reaching a specified age. After the SECURE Act raised the age threshold from 70½ to 72, SECURE 2.0 bumped it up again to 73, beginning in 2023 (scheduled to increase to 75 in 2033). The amount of the RMD is based on IRS life expectancy tables and your account balance at the end of last year. Taxpayers who are in their first RMD year have until April 15 of next year to make that first RMD.
YEAR-END MOVE: Assess your obligations. If you can postpone RMDs still longer, you can continue to benefit from tax-deferred growth. Otherwise, make arrangements to receive RMDs before January 1, 2024 to avoid any penalties.
Conversely, if you are still working and do not own 5% or more of a business with a qualified plan, you can postpone RMDs from that plan until your retirement. This “still working exception” does not apply to RMDs from IRAs or qualified plans of other employers.
If subject to RMDs, consider making a qualified charitable distribution (QCD), as discussed further below.
Previously, the penalty for failing to take timely RMDs was equal to 50% of the shortfall. SECURE 2.0 reduces it to 25%, beginning in 2023 (10% if corrected in a timely fashion).
Tip: Under the initial SECURE Act, you are generally required to take RMDs from recently inherited accounts over a ten-year period (although previous inheritances are exempted). These rules are complex, so consult with your tax advisor regarding your situation and see bullet point below for penalty relief for 2021, 2022 and 2023.
Beginning in 2018, the TCJA generally eliminated the tax deferral break for Section 1031 exchanges of like-kind properties. However, it preserved this tax-saving technique for swaps involving investment or business real estate. Therefore, you can still exchange qualified real estate properties in 2023 without paying current tax, except to the extent you receive “boot” (e.g., cash or a reduction in mortgage liability).
YEAR-END MOVE: Make sure you meet the following timing requirements to qualify for a tax-deferred Section 1031 exchange.
Tip: Note that the definition of “like-kind” is relatively liberal. For example, you can exchange an apartment building for a warehouse or even raw land. Consult your tax advisor, however, if there is any question as to whether a transaction may qualify as a Section 1031 exchange since the rules are complex.
During the last decade, the unified estate and gift tax exclusion has gradually increased, while the top estate rate has not budged. For example, the exclusion for 2023 is $12.92 million, and the IRS recently announced the 2024 exemption will be $13.61 million, an increase of $690,000. (It is scheduled to revert to $5 million, plus inflation indexing, after 2025.)
YEAR-END MOVE: Incorporate this into your overall estate plan. For instance, your plan may involve various techniques, including bypass trusts, that maximize the benefits of the estate and gift tax exemption. Also, the higher interest rate environment may make certain estate planning strategies more attractive than before, including charitable remainder trusts and personal residence trusts. The following table shows the exemption and top estate tax rate for the last ten years.
Tax year | Estate tax exemption | Top estate tax rate |
2014 | $5.34 million | 40% |
2015 | $5.43 million | 40% |
2016 | $5.45 million | 40% |
2017 | $5.49 million | 40% |
2018 | $11.18 million | 40% |
2019 | $11.40 million | 40% |
2020 | $11.58 million | 40% |
2021 | $11.70 million | 40% |
2022 | $12.06 million | 40% |
2023 | $12.92 million | 40% |
In addition, you can give gifts to family members that qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion. For 2023, there is no gift tax liability on gifts of up to $17,000 per recipient (up from $16,000 in 2022). You do not even have to file a gift tax return. Moreover, the limit is doubled to $34,000 for joint gifts by a married couple.
Tip: You may “double up” again by giving gifts in both December and January that qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion for 2023 and 2024, respectively. The IRS recently announced that the limit for 2024 is $18,000 per recipient.
Maxwell Locke & Ritter can help you with any questions you might have regarding year end tax planning for investors and estate and gift planning. Please contact us if you have questions about these updates.